| Sequelae symptoms |
| Any of the following symptoms |
777/1149 (68%) |
583/1188 (49%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
650/1190 (55%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
194/286 (68%) |
141 (48%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
158/294 (54%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
509/774 (66%) |
395/802 (49%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
440/805 (55%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
74/89 (83%) |
47 (52%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
52 (57%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
| Fatigue or muscle weakness |
593/1151 (52%) |
240/1188 (20%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
357/1190 (30%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
143/286 (50%) |
60 (20%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
89/294 (30%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
385/776 (50%) |
161/802 (20%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
235/805 (29%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
65/89 (73%) |
19 (21%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
33 (36%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
| Sleep difficulties |
313/1151 (27%) |
206/1188 (17%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
298/1190 (25%)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
75/286 (26%) |
47 (16%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
70/294 (24%)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
205/776 (26%) |
146/802 (18%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
203/805 (25%)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
33/89 (37%) |
13 (14%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
25 (27%) |
| Hair loss |
252/1151 (22%) |
131/1188 (11%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
142/1190 (12%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
61/286 (21%) |
27 (9%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
41/294 (14%) |
169/776 (22%) |
97/802 (12%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
88/805 (11%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
22/89 (25%) |
7 (8%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
13 (14%) |
| Smell disorder |
128/1151 (11%) |
56/1188 (5%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
67/1190 (6%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
32/286 (11%) |
16 (5%) |
21/294 (7%) |
82/776 (11%) |
34/802 (4%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
42/805 (5%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
14/89 (16%) |
6 (7%) |
4 (4%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
| Joint pain |
126/1147 (11%) |
141/1188 (12%) |
117/1190 (10%) |
40/287 (14%) |
33 (11%) |
30/294 (10%) |
70/772 (9%) |
93/802 (12%) |
79/805 (10%) |
16/88 (18%) |
15 (16%) |
8 (9%) |
| Palpitations |
108/1151 (9%) |
110/1188 (9%) |
145/1190 (12%) |
28/286 (10%) |
19 (6%) |
41/294 (14%)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
66/776 (9%) |
84/802 (10%) |
95/805 (12%) |
14/89 (16%) |
7 (8%) |
9 (10%) |
| Decreased appetite |
92/1151 (8%) |
34/1188 (3%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
33/1190 (3%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
25/286 (9%) |
6 (2%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
10/294 (3%) |
56/776 (7%) |
25/802 (3%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
21/805 (3%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
11/89 (12%) |
3 (3%) |
2 (2%) |
| Taste disorder |
87/1151 (8%) |
35/1188 (3%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
35/1190 (3%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
21/286 (7%) |
6 (2%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
11/294 (4%) |
58/776 (7%) |
29/802 (4%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
20/805 (2%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
8/89 (9%) |
0 (0%) |
4 (4%) |
| Dizziness |
64/1151 (6%) |
61/1188 (5%) |
131/1190 (11%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
19/286 (7%) |
15 (5%) |
31/294 (11%) |
39/776 (5%) |
38/802 (5%) |
90/805 (11%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
6/89 (7%) |
8 (9%) |
10 (11%) |
| Chest pain |
53/1147 (5%) |
86/1188 (7%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
83/1190 (7%) |
15/287 (5%) |
23 (8%) |
19/294 (6%) |
34/772 (4%) |
59/802 (7%) |
54/805 (7%) |
4/88 (5%) |
4 (4%) |
10 (11%) |
| Sore throat or difficult to swallow |
45/1151 (4%) |
40/1188 (3%) |
64/1190 (5%) |
18/286 (6%) |
11 (4%) |
20/294 (7%) |
23/776 (3%) |
26/802 (3%) |
40/805 (5%) |
4/89 (4%) |
3 (3%) |
4 (4%) |
| Skin rash |
36/1151 (3%) |
50/1188 (4%) |
34/1190 (3%) |
11/286 (4%) |
13 (4%) |
6/294 (2%) |
21/776 (3%) |
35/802 (4%) |
25/805 (3%) |
4/89 (4%) |
2 (2%) |
3 (3%) |
| Myalgia |
31/1147 (3%) |
50/1188 (4%) |
88/1190 (7%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
9/287 (3%) |
11 (4%) |
22/294 (7%) |
19/772 (2%) |
34/802 (4%) |
59/805 (7%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
3/88 (3%) |
5 (5%) |
7 (8%) |
| Headache |
20/1147 (2%) |
55/1188 (5%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
81/1190 (7%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
6/287 (2%) |
15 (5%) |
23/294 (8%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
11/772 (1%) |
36/802 (4%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
50/805 (6%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
3/88 (3%) |
4 (4%) |
8 (9%) |
| Nausea or vomiting |
17/1150 (1%) |
10/1188 (1%) |
27/1190 (2%)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
8/286 (3%) |
4 (1%) |
8/294 (3%) |
9/775 (1%) |
4/802 (0%) |
18/805 (2%)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
0/89 (0%) |
2 (2%) |
1 (1%) |
| mMRC dyspnoea score |
| 0 |
816/1104 (74%) |
834/1187 (70%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
1023/1191 (86%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
216/288 (75%) |
222/294 (76%) |
253 (86%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
551/734 (75%) |
556/802 (69%) |
694/805 (86%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
49/82 (60%) |
56 (62%) |
76 (84%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
| ≥1 |
288/1104 (26%) |
353/1187 (30%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
168/1191 (14%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
72/288 (25%) |
72/294 (24%) |
42 (14%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
183/734 (25%) |
246/802 (31%) |
111/805 (14%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
33/82 (40%) |
35 (38%) |
15 (16%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
EQ-5D-5L
§
Detailed results of EQ-5D-5L questionnaire of COVID-19 survivors are shown in the appendix (p 17); EQ-VAS scores range from 0–100, with higher scores indicating better health status.
|
| Pain or discomfort |
300/1104 (27%) |
348/1187 (29%) |
284/1191 (24%)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
78/286 (27%) |
78/294 (27%) |
73 (25%) |
189/736 (26%) |
240/802 (30%) |
189/805 (23%)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
33/82 (40%) |
30 (33%) |
22 (24%) |
| Anxiety or depression |
256/1105 (23%) |
312/1187 (26%) |
143/1191 (12%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
70/288 (24%) |
73/294 (25%) |
34 (12%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
158/736 (21%) |
213/802 (27%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
98/805 (12%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
28/81 (35%) |
26 (29%) |
11 (12%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
| Mobility problem |
68/1109 (6%) |
106/1187 (9%)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
42/1191 (4%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
15/289 (5%) |
21/294 (7%) |
10 (3%) |
40/738 (5%) |
78/802 (10%) |
27/805 (3%)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
13/82 (16%) |
7 (8%) |
5 (5%) |
| Personal care problem |
8/1109 (1%) |
17/1187 (1%) |
14/1191 (1%) |
0/289 (0%) |
3/294 (1%) |
4 (1%) |
7/738 (1%) |
11/802 (1%) |
8/805 (1%) |
1/82 (1%) |
3 (3%) |
2 (2%) |
| Usual activity problem |
16/1100 (1%) |
14/1187 (1%) |
35/1191 (3%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
3/288 (1%) |
2/294 (1%) |
8 (3%) |
10/731 (1%) |
10/802 (1%) |
20/805 (2%) |
3/81 (4%) |
2 (2%) |
7 (8%) |
Utility index score
¶
Utility index score: 1 indicates perfect health, 0 indicates death, and negative scores represent values as worse than death.
|
1·0 (0·9–1·0) |
1·0 (0·9–1·0)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
1·0 (0·9–1·0)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
1·0 (0·9–1·0) |
1·0 (0·9–1·0) |
1·0 (0·9–1·0) |
1·0 (0·9–1·0) |
1·0 (0·9–1·0)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
1·0 (0·9–1·0)
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
1·0 (0·9–1·0) |
1·0 (0·9–1·0) |
1·0 (0·9–1·0) |
| EQ-VAS score |
80·0 (75·0–90·0) |
80·0 (70·0–90·0) |
80·0 (70·0–90·0)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
80·0 (70·0–90·0) |
80·0 (70·0–90·0) |
80·0 (70·0–90·0) |
80·0 (75·0–90·0) |
80·0 (75·0–90·0)
*
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
|
80·0 (70·0–90·0)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
80·0 (70·0–90·0) |
80·0 (70·0–85·0) |
80·0 (70·0–90·0) |
| Distance walked in 6 min, m |
495·0 (450·0–540·0) |
495·0 (445·0–545·0) |
512·0 (458·0–563·0)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
494·5 (450·0–540·0) |
495·0 (440·0–540·0) |
510·0 (455·0–564·0)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
496·0 (450·0–540·0) |
495·0 (445·0–545·0) |
510·0 (457·0–555·0)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
495·0 (430·0–528·0) |
496·5 (455·0–551·0) |
530·0 (480·0–600·0)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
Percentage of predicted value
‖
Predicted values were calculated according to the method of Enright and Sherrill.
|
88·1 (79·7–96·2) |
90·2 (81·6–98·8) |
94·0 (84·7–104·1)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
86·9 (78·5–94·9) |
89·6 (81·0–96·7) |
93·8 (85·0–103·5)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
88·7 (80·5–97·1) |
90·7 (82·6–100·2) |
94·1 (84·6–104·0)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
83·6 (76·0–92·8) |
87·9 (80·4–98·0) |
95·0 (84·5–105·9)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
‡
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
|
Less than LLN
**
The LLN was calculated by subtracting 153 m from the predicted value for men or by subtracting 139 m for women.
|
156/1105 (14%) |
132/1167 (11%) |
89/1065 (8%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
45/287 (16%) |
36/286 (13%) |
17/254 (7%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
91/738 (12%) |
81/793 (10%) |
65/726 (9%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
20/80 (25%) |
15/88 (17%) |
7/85 (8%)
†
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
|
| Mental health |
| Anxiety symptom (GAD-7≥5) |
NA |
NA |
98/1187 (8%) |
NA |
NA |
26/294 (9%) |
NA |
NA |
66/802 (8%) |
NA |
NA |
6 (7%) |
| Depression symptom (PHQ-9≥5) |
NA |
NA |
75/1190 (6%) |
NA |
NA |
25 (8%) |
NA |
NA |
45/804 (6%) |
NA |
NA |
5 (5%) |
| PTSD symptom (PCL-C ≥38) |
NA |
NA |
27/1189 (2%) |
NA |
NA |
12 (4%) |
NA |
NA |
14/803 (2%) |
NA |
NA |
1 (1%) |
| Health-care use |
| Outpatient clinic visit |
NA |
215/1169 (18%) |
226/1187 (19%) |
NA |
54/290 (19%) |
56/294 (19%) |
NA |
149/790 (19%) |
150/803 (19%) |
NA |
12/89 (13%) |
20/90 (22%) |
| Hospitalisation |
NA |
152/1169 (13%) |
159/1187 (13%) |
NA |
38/290 (13%) |
45/294 (15%) |
NA |
100/790 (13%) |
95/803 (12%) |
NA |
14/89 (16%) |
19/90 (21%) |
| Emergency department visit |
NA |
12/1169 (1%) |
7/1187 (1%) |
NA |
3/290 (1%) |
2/294 (1%) |
NA |
8/790 (1%) |
5/803 (1%) |
NA |
1/89 (1%) |
0/90 (0%) |
Returned to original work
This category only includes those who had a full-time or part-time job before COVID-19.
|
NA |
401/455 (88%) |
438/494 (89%) |
NA |
99/115 (86%) |
112/124 (90%) |
NA |
268/300 (89%) |
282/321 (88%) |
NA |
34/40 (85%) |
44/49 (90%) |
